Anatomical model of the upper and lower urinary tract designed for training and practice in flexible ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteral and bladder stones, compatible with endoscopic instruments. The simulator replicates the urinary system, including both kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra, allowing for training in the complete endoscopic procedure from transurethral access to the proximal ureter, including anatomical landmarks of both kidneys. <\/p>\n
The simulator includes stones of various sizes and locations, replicating clinical scenarios with varying degrees of technical difficulty for endoscopic navigation, stone identification and management, maneuvering the flexible ureteroscope through areas of ureteral curvature and strictures, and lithotripsy and stone removal in the proximal and middle ureter and the bladder. The ureteral stones are located one in each ureter\u2014one in the proximal segment at the pyeloureteral junction (PUJ) and another in the middle segment at the iliac crossing\u2014while the bladder stones rest at the bladder fundus, ranging in size from 8 to 20 mm. The simulator is made of materials that mimic the resistance and texture of ureteral and bladder tissue, along with stones that replicate the behavior of real lithiasis, enabling proper training in endoscopic techniques within a safe and reproducible environment. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"